Rhetorical Modes of Discourse
Provides readers with examples that illustrate a larger poin
Exemplification
What is the author's attitude toward his subject often referred to in literature?
Tone
Euphemism
a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something.
the deliberate decisions made by a speaker or writer in order to effectively communicate their message and persuade their audience.
Rhetorical Choice
where the author praises a subject or lead a movement like Ghandi or MLK
The author champions...
The classification of discourse that tells a story or relates an event. It organizes the events or actions in time or relates them in space.
Narration
What is the relationship an author has toward his or her subject, and/or his or her audience called?
Attitude
Hyperbole
an extreme exaggeration
the opposite is understatement or litotes
the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.
Juxtaposing ( juxtaposition)
the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose which correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.
parallelism
The traditional rhetorical strategy is based on the assumption that a subject may be shown more clearly by pointing out ways it is similar to something else. The two subjects may each be explained separately and then their similarities are pointed out.
Comparison
When an author tries to connect to the audience through common experiences. It is rooted in ancient rhetoric as part of the practice of an agent or communicator being responsive to the needs of the audience.
Personalization
Connotation
The interpretive level of a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.
One essential characteristic of argument is your sense of an adversary. You aren't simply explaining a concept to someone who will hear you out and accept or reject your idea on its merit. Argument assumes active opposition to your proposition.
Anticipate the opposition
Lincoln anticipates the opposition by using inclusive language and/or vague terminology.
the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example
Deduction
A traditional pattern of thought which places a subject into an appropriate group and then differentiates the subject from the other sections of the group. The first step specifies its meaning. I
Definition
Classical Greek terms, dating back to Aristotle, who is traditionally seen as the father of rhetoric. To be rhetorically effective (and thus persuasive), an author must engage the audience in a variety of compelling ways, which involves carefully choosing how to craft his or her argument so that the outcome, audience agreement with the argument or point, is achieved. Aristotle defined these modes of engagement and gave them the terms that we still use today.
ethos, pathos, logos
Allusion
a reference to another literary work or historical event
A broad concept that comprises the process of grouping things, the set of groups resulting from classifying, and the assignment of elements to pre-established groups.
Classification
The author classifies her topics in order to...
the use of an expert's opinion to back up an argument.
appeal to authority
One of the traditional rhetorical strategies, arguing from the presence or absence of the cause to the existence or nonexistence of the effect or result or, conversely, in arguing from an effect to its probably causes.
Cause and effect or causal chain of reasoning.
Identify the following point of views ( 1st, second, third, etc), and discuss what it can do for the author/audience.
You, I, and We
You is second person point of view, often used for advice and can personalize a speech and narrow the scope of reference sounding like the speaker is directing talking to each audience member.
I is first person point of view and by using it the author creates a first hand account of his/her/their experience forging trust within their audience because it is usually something they want them to do as well ( I.e personal anecdotes).
We is first person plural. This point of view creates an inclusive perspective with the audience. The speaker includes himself with the subject he is talking about ( ex: we will fight, I repeat, we will fight!).
A figure of speech that makes a non-literal comparison between two unlike things (typically by saying that something is something else)
Metaphor
Simile is using like or as
shows that a claim may not be true in all circumstances. Words like “presumably,” “some,” and “many” help your audience understand that you know there are instances where your claim may not be correct. The rebuttal is an acknowledgement of another valid view of the situation.
qualifiers= The author qualifies her wishes in order to...
attacking another person to get your point across
argument ad hominem